TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Preface ......................................................................................................................
Table
of Contens ........................................................................................................
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION.............................................................................
A.
Background.......................................................................................................
B.
Problem
formulation...........................................................................................
C.
Purpose ............................................................................................................
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION...................................................................................
A.
Preposition.........................................................................................................
B.
Type
of preposition............................................................................................
C.
Use
of the preposition phrase in the sentence......................................................
D.
Meaning
categori................................................................................................
E.
Preposition
with multiple meanings......................................................................
F.
Prepositions
that are often confused....................................................................
G.
More
preposition...............................................................................................
CHAPTER
III CLOSING........................................................................................
A. CONCLUSSION.............................................................................................
Daftar Pustaka.............................................................................................................
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background
In the
United Kingdom, a preposition (the future of) the nickname of small words. Seen
glimpses of prepositions is just short words are not important, but in fact has
a very important function.
Preposition
is always followed by a noun (noun) or pronoun (pronoun). A preposition is a
word that suggests a liaison relationship between the noun that follows him and
one of the basic elements of a sentence, that is subject, verb, object or
complement. A noun or pronoun that follows the preposition is the object of a
preposition. Pronouns used in this position is always an object pronoun, like
me, you, him, her, it, us and them. Prepositions plus object called a
preposition phrase (prepositional phrase).
B.
Problem
formulation
Based on the background of these problems then we formulate the contents of
the paper are as follows:
-
Identify the sense of Preposition
-
Identify the types of preposition
-
Identify ways to use
C.
Purpose
Studying and understanding this paper materials namely about preposition
then expected we can understand the sense, different types, and how to use it.
As for any other purpose the preparation of this paper was to fulfill the
course Structure.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A.
Prepositions
Prepositions have been called the biggest little words in English.
They are usually quite short and signification looking, but they have very
important functions. Take a look at these sentence and notice how completely
different the meaning of each sentence is
A
letter was sent to peter
A
letter was sent for peter
A
letter was sent by peter
A
letter was sent from peter
Only the prepositions change, but that is enough to change the
meaning entirely. Prepositions are always followed by nouns (or pronouns). They
are connective words that show the relationship between the nouns following
them and one of the basic sentence element: subject, verb, object, or
complement. They usually indicate relationship, such as position, place,
direction, time, manner, agent, possession, and condition, between their
objects and other parts of the sentence. Prepositional phrase usually provide
information asked for by the question words who, what, where, when, why, how,
and how long
The noun or pronoun following the preposition is its object. A
pronoun used in this preposition is always an object pronoun: me, you, him,
her, it, us, and them. The prepositions plus its object is called the
prepositional phrase.
B.
Type of Preposition
A preposition can be classified into
6 types :
1.
Simple preposition
The most commonly used simple
preposition are : after, at, by, for, from, of, over, or in, through to, until,
under, up, with, etc.
Example : I saw him on Friday
2.
Double preposition
The most commonly used double preposition
are : into, on, to, from, under, from among, from off, from within, over again,
etc
Example : The boys gets into
bed
3.
Compound preposition
A compound preposition is a
preposition witch is formed from noun, adjective or adverb and it is combined with
preposition “be” (by) or “a” (on).
Example : He sits beside me
4.
Participial preposition
The most commonly used participial
preposition are : during, not withstanding, past, expect, save, considering,
touching, concerning, regarding, and owing to.
Example : It is quarter past
one.
5.
Phrase preposition
The most commonly used preposition
phrase / phrase preposition are : Because of, by means of, by reasons, in spite
of.
Example : Ahmad doesn’t enter the
class because of this illness.
6.
Disquised preposition.
A disguised preposition is shown in
such words below :
Behind → “be” : by hind = behind
Across → “on” : “a” on cross = a
cross
Example : He has gone for
hunting
C.
Use of the prepositional phrase in the sentence
Many prepositional phrase seem adverbial in meaning, in that they
often indicate time, place, manner, or degree, as adverbs do. However, the same
prepositonal phrase may be used as an adjective, an adverb, or a noun.
-
The
delegates went for a swim before breakfast. (Adverb)
-
A
swim before breakfast is better than one after dinner. (Adjective)
-
Before
breakfast is a good time to swim. (Noun)
Prepositional
phrases used as adverbs usually follow the verb, though like adverbs, they can
be moved to other prepositions in the sentence. Prepositional phrases used
as adjectives usually follow the nouns they modify. Prepositional
phrases used as nouns will be subject, object, or complement in the sentence.
D.
Meaning categories
The following
list illustrate the use of prepositional phrases to convey specific kinds of
information.
1. Place,position
Example :
-
Across
her house is across the street
-
After
the first street after the bridge is state street
-
Against
his by cycle was leaning against the fence
-
Among
the letter might be among those papers
-
Around
the shop is just around the corner
-
At
he used to be a student at a north American university
-
Before
I have your letter before me now
-
Behind
the garage is behind the house
-
Below
they live in apartment below ours
-
Between
his shop is between the bank and the post office
-
That
house by the lake is my dream house
-
In
she was dozing in an armchair when we got there
-
In
front of the ball stopped in front of the bus
-
Inside
come in. It is warmer inside the house
-
Near
you shouldn't smoke near gasoline
-
On
he found the book on the table
-
On
top of I want whipped cream on the top of my strawberries
-
Opposite
the school is opposite the church
-
Outside
there's bird's nest outside my window
-
Over
the window is over the radiator
-
To
attach the rope to the bumper of the car
-
Under
the book was under the desk
-
Underneath
the book is underneath the papers
2.
Direction
Example :
-
Across
I am going across the street to see my cousin
-
At
the children threw stone at the bear
-
By
way of can't we drive to new york by way of Philadelphia?
-
Down
we saw her walking down fifth avenue
-
Into
I saw her going into the theater a few minutes ago
-
Out
of he took some money out of his pocket
-
To
she went to the grocery store
-
Through
the bird flew through the open window
-
Toward
this road leads toward the sea
-
Up
the salmon were swimming up the river
-
Upon
the birds was perched upon his shoulder
3.
Time
Example :
-
About
I think she will be away about a week
-
After
would you please call after eight
-
Around
I get to my office around nine every morning
-
At I
told her to meet us at six o'clock sharp
-
Before
take the medicine before the mealtime
-
By
she should be back by seven at the latest
-
During
during the winter, I think I'll go to Florida
-
From...to
the office will be open from nine to one every day
-
From...until
she works from eight until two six days a week
-
In
I'll meet you in an hour
4.
Purpose,
reason
Example :
-
For
take this medicine for your headache
5.
Possession
Example :
-
Of
the leader of the scout has not arrived yet
6.
Manner,
instrument
Example :
-
By I
enjoy going there by train
-
In
you can't go to that restaurant in jeans
-
Like
that clown walk like a duck
-
With
she writes with a pen
7.
Identification
Example :
-
At the shop at the corner sells stamps
-
By
that book by Hemingway is a masterpiece
-
In
the man in the dark suit is my neighbor
-
On
the apartment on the second floor is smaller than ours
-
With
people with law degrees often go into politics
8.
Distance
Example :
-
For
we walked for miles and miles
9.
Agent
Example :
-
By
this film was directed by a Czech director
10.
Material
Example :
-
With
I must fill my pen with ink
11.
Quantity
Example :
-
By
meat is sold by the pound or by kilo
E.
Prepositions with multiple meanings
Some
prepositions are used to express a variety of meanings. These may be present
difficulties. Some of the common prepositions with their various meaning and
their most common used are summarized as follows for references purposes.
1.
Around
"At
approximately"
-
The
police believe the man died around six o'clock
-
The
temperature has been around 32 celcius degrees all day
"In the vincinity of"
-
People
have reported seeing a stranger around the store"
2.
At
With a street
address if the house number given
-
She
lives at 18 Magnolia Street
-
With
points in time
-
He
arrived at 08.00
-
Those
farmers stop working at sunset
With prices
-
They
are on sale at two dollars a dozen
-
I
cannot afford to buy them at that price
3.
By
"Alone"
(with a reflexive pronoun)
-
He
lives by himself
-
She
did the homework by herself
"Past" (with verbs of motion)
-
I
always walk by that house on my way to work
-
Several
ways buses go by our house
"At the latest" (with a maximum time limit)
-
He
will be here by five o'clock
-
All
classes will be over by June.
4.
For
To indicate the
duration of time
-
She
played the piano for two years
-
They
lived in Washington for two years
"In exchange for"
-
He
rented the house for very little money
-
I
bought this book for two dollars
With the beneficiary of an action
-
Shall
I open the window for you?
-
He
baked a cake for me
"Instead of," "in place of"
-
When
he was away, his neighbor did the work for him
-
With
the subject of an infinitive
-
It
is important for them to arrive early
-
For
him to go to a party is unusual
5.
In
With cities,
states, countries, continents
-
He
lives in Cairo
-
That
river is in California
-
Rice
is grown in Thailand
With periods of
time
-
I
saw him in January
-
The
mail comes in the morning
With lengths of
time
-
He
will come in an hour
-
He
finished that book in one evening
With languages
-
That
opera was originally written in Italian
6.
On
To indicate
contact with a surface
-
The
book is on the table
-
The
picture is on the wall
-
There
is a light on the ceiling
With days of the week and dates
-
Summer
begins on June 21
-
We
do not have classes on Sundays
With the name of a street
-
I
live on McKinley street
-
She
is visiting a friend on Magnolia Street
7.
With
To indicate
association
-
She
is with a consulting firm
-
I
will stay with the car while you go for help
8.
Without
To indicate the
absence of something
-
Nothing
can live without water
-
I am
without money today and cannot buy the tickets
F.
Prepositions that are often confused
In, on, and at
discussed previously, are probably the most often confused nglish
prepositions. Following are some others.
1. Above, over
Above refers to
a place higher than a certain point. Over refers to a place directly above a
certain point.
-
The
temperature is well above freezing
-
He
held an umbrella over his head
Over also means "more than" and "in the course
of" a period af time
-
He
is over eighty years old
-
Over
the years, he has proven to be a true friend
2.
Below,under
Below refers to
a place lower than the a certain point. Under refers to a place directly below
a certain point
-
That
valley is below sea level
-
His
shoes are under the bed
Under also means "less than" and "under the
supervision of"
-
The
children in this class are under six years of age
-
She
works under the managing editor
3.
Beneath,
underneath
Beneath and
underneath mean almost the same thing in many uses. Generally, both indicate a
position lower than a given point. When the meaning diverge, underneath conveys
more specifically the meaning of one object being covered up by another, and
beneath may be used in a figurative sense. It may be useful to associate
underneath with under and beneath with below.
-
Two
hundred feet beneath (below) the surface of the earth, solid rock was found
-
The
official does not consider it beneath him to type his own letters
-
The
shoes were found underneath a pile of clothes in the closet
4.
To,
toward
To is used with
verbs of motion and definite destinations. Toward means "in the general
direction of".
-
We
walked to the station.
-
All
mosque face toward Mecca.
5.
Beside,besides
Beside means
"next to". Besides means "in addition to".
-
He
is sitting beside his brother.
-
Two
others won prizes besides us.
6.
In,into
In is used with
locations or conditions. Into is used with verbs that show motion (real or
metaphorical) from one place or sate to another.
-
The
child is in the pool. The child jumped into the pool.
-
The
patient is in coma. The patient slipped into a coma.
7.
Past,
beyond
Past is used
with verbs of motion to indicate approaching, then passing by certain point. Beyond
refers to a location further away than some specified concrete or abstract
point.
-
The
car went past the monument at 10.00.
-
He
lives beyond the post office.
-
His
generosity is beyond belief.
8.
Between,
among
Between refers
to position in relation to two person or things. Among refers to position in
relation to three or more persons or things.
-
I
want put the table between those two windows.
-
I
found you letter among my school papers.
9.
Through,
throughout
Through refers
to motion first into then out of something. Throughout used with something that
is distributed in every part of something.
-
Let's
walk through the park.
-
The
news spread throughout the country.
G.
More preposition
Now, we will dealt with some of the most troublesome prepositions
in English. The ones in this lesson are, on the whole, more straightforward in
meaning and perhaps less susceptible to varying usage, in spite of their
sometimes more complex structure. Here is a list for reference.
1.
According
to
According to is
used to cite an authority or source of information.
-
According
to the latest census, Houston, has more than a million inhabitants.
-
According
to the critics, the play is excellent.
2.
Against
Against means
"in opposite to"
-
Salmon
swim upstream, against the current.
-
National
fight wars against other nations that threaten them.
3.
As
far as
As far as is
used to indicate a limit reached in the course of an activity.
-
We
walked as far as the park before we got tired.
-
He
threw the ball as far as the fence.
4.
Before,after
Before means
"earlier than the time of" after means "later than the time
of".
-
He
studied before an examination.
-
He
relaxes after work every day.
5.
Despite,
in spite of
Despite, like
in spite of, has the meaning of "without regard to". It is often used
in the expression despite the fact that.
-
They
are playing football despite the rain.
-
They
are playing despite the fact that it is raining.
-
She
came to school today in spite of the doctor's warnings.
6.
During
During relates
an activity to a specific period of time. The activity may be constant or
intermittenent.
-
My
cousin lived in St.Louis during the most of her childhood
-
We
ate hot dogs and drink soda during the football game.
7.
Inside
Inside means
that something is contained by a limit or boundary.
-
The
paper is inside the drawer.
-
You
will find your gift inside thet box.
8.
Like,unlike
Like means
"similar to". Unlike means "different from".
-
His
mind is like an adding machine.
-
The
film is unlike the book.
Just like means "exactly the same as".
-
You
look just like your brother.
9.
Near
Near means
"not far away from".
-
The
bank is near the post office.
-
Her
car is parked near the school.
10.
Off
Off shows that
something is removed from contact or connection with a place it occupied
before.
-
He
took the book off the shelf.
-
I
lost a button off my coat.
11.
Opposite
Opposite means
"directly across from".
-
The
site opposite me in the cafetaria every day.
-
There
is a new building opposite our house.
12.
Until
Until indicates
the continuation of an action or a step up to a specified point.
-
I
will wait for you until five o'clock.
-
He
lived there until his marriage.
13.
Upon
Upon means
"on top of" or "as a result of".
-
They
placed a crown upon Caesar's head.
-
Upon
hearing that he was in town, I telephoned him.
Upon is also used with depend and verbs of similar meaning ( rely,
count ).
-
You
can depand upon my promises
-
He
caannot be relied upon.
On may replaced upon in all of these.
-
On
is somewhat less than upon.
14.
Within
Within
indicates that something is inside described limits.
-
The
mail will arrive within an hour.
-
That
decision is not within my area of authority; it is beyond my jurisdiction.
-
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A.
Conclusion
A preposition is classified as a part of speech in grammer. It denotes the
relationship to some other words in a sentence with are placed before a noun or
a pronoun.
Prepositions are always followed by
nouns (or pronouns). They are connective words that show the relationship
between the nouns following them and one of the basic sentence element:
subject, verb, object, or complement. They usually indicate relationship, such
as position, place, direction, time, manner, agent, possession, and condition,
between their objects and other parts of the sentence. Prepositional phrase
usually provide information asked for by the question words who, what, where,
when, why, how, and how long
The noun or pronoun following the
preposition is its object. A pronoun used in this preposition is always an
object pronoun: me, you, him, her, it, us, and them. The prepositions plus its
object is called the prepositional phrase.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Ahmad,
Izzam, Try May Hadi. 2007. Basic English Grammer. Jakarta :
Azar, Betty
Achrampfer. 2000. Understanding and Using Grammer. Jakarta : Bina Rupa
Aksara
Macmillan,
Collier. 1972. English 900. London : English Language Services, Inc
Swijin, Drs.
2007. Perfect English Grammer. Bandung : CV Yrama Widya
www.yrama-widya.co.id 20 November 2013, makalah preposition
tq, very nice
BalasHapusthank you
BalasHapusTHANKYOU SO MUCH
BalasHapus