cara mudah menghapal rumus tenses

Dalam mempelajari bahasa inggris tenses merupakan masalah yang penting, kita tidak mungkin dapat menggunakan bahasa inggris baik tertulis maupun lisan dengan baik jika tidak mengerti dan menguasai masalah tenses.

Berdasarkan buku Fuad Mas'ud edisi 3, tenses adalah bentuk sebuah kata kerja (verb) yang menunjukkan:

1. waktu terjadi suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan

2. tingkat kesempurnaan suatu perbuatan pada waktu dilakukan atau peristiwa yang terjadi

TENSES 

Dalam menghapal rumus tenses kita tidak perlu menambahkan subject dan object karena disetiap rumus tenses subject dan object selalu ada, tetapi yang wajib kita lakukan adalah mengingat rumus atau perubahan pokoknya dalam setiap tenses. 

Formula of tenses

Event    Time	Simple	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect continuos
Present	V1 + s/es	Is/am/are + Ving	Have/has + V3	Have + been + Ving
Past	V2	Was/were + Ving	Had + V3	Had + been + Ving
Future	Will + V1	Will be + Ving	Will have + V3	Will + have + been + Ving
Past Future	Would + V1	Would be + Ving	Would have + V3	Would + have + been + Ving

Functions of tenses

Event    Time	Simple	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect continuos
Present	ü Menyatakan Kebiasaan (habitual action) ü Kebenaran umum (general truth) ü Kemampuan seseorang ü Perintah/larangan	ü Aktifitas yg sedang dilakukan pada masa sekarang ü Aktifitas yg sedang dalam kerangka proses	ü Aktifitas yang telah terjadi/baru saja terjadi dan hasilnya masih dirasakan pada masa kini ü Aktifitas yang masih berlangsung hingga sekarang ( harus terdapat durasi waktu)	ü Aktifitas yg masih berlangsung hingga saat ini
Past	ü Kebiasaan pada masa lampau dan tidak ada kaitannya pada masa sekarang ü Aktifitas yang terjadi pada masa lampau ü Kebenaran umum pada masa lampau	ü Aktifitas yang sedang terjadi pada masa lampau dan waktunya specific	ü Aktifitas yang telah terjadi sebelum aktifitas yang lain pada masa lampau	ü Aktifitas yang masih berlangsung pada masa lampau (penekanan pada durasi waktu)
Future	ü Aktifitas yang akan terjadi pada masa depan ü Kebenaran umum pada masa depan	ü Aktifitas yang sedang terjadi pada masa depan (waktunya spesifik)	ü Aktifitas yang sudah terjadi sebelum ada aktifitas yang lain pada masa depan	ü Aktifitas yang masih berlangsung pada masa depan (penekanan pada durasi waktunya)
Past Future	ü Menyatakan suatu rencana dimasa lampau yang akan dilakukan tetapi batal karena suatu sebab ü Aktifitas yang berulang-ulang (kebiasaan dimasa lampau)	ü Menyatakan suatu rencana dimasa lampau yang akan sedang berlangsung tetapi batal karena suatu sebab	ü Menyatakan suatu rencana dimasa lampau yang akan telah selesai/ sempurna dilakukan tetapi tidak sempurna/ selesai	ü Menyatakan rencana di masa lampau yang akan telah sedang berlangsung beberapa lama tetapi batal karena suatu sebab

Makalah Elliptical Structure

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A.     Background

To express the person’s ideas, feelings, and thought, we can use language. These rules can be applied either in formal or informal occasion depending on the speaker’s or writer’s intention. They need to be applied in sentences or constructions. One of them which is usually used in everyday communication is elliptical construction. Elliptical Structure is used to avoid the repetition of a word or several words in a sentence.

It is a kind of construction in which the speaker deletes the item or items from the construction. However, when he or she wants to delete, he or she has to pay attention to the rule stated above. The rule is based on both linguistics and non –linguistics context.

It is often used in writing and speech. In writing, ellipsis can be found easily in the literary works, articles, etc. Reading describes that ellipsis is also used in the newspaper reporting frequently. It is especially used because word omission implies hidden implications which captivates the imagination and attention of an audience

B.     Problem statement

Based on the background of these problems then we formulate the contents of the paper are as follows:

-         What is the meaning of Elliptical Structure?

-         How to use Elliptical Structure?

-         How to use Elliptical Structure in a sentence?

C.     Purpose

In compiling this paper has several objectives, namely:

1. To know the meaning of elliptical structure

2. To know how to use the elliptical structure

3. To know the use of elliptical structure in a sentence

CHAPTER II

CONTENT

1.      Understanding

According Gowers (1968: 152) Ellipsis is removal of a word or a number of words from a sentence that was intended to make that sentence be shorter and better order. Elliptical Structure is used to avoid the repetition of a word or several words in a sentence.

It is often used in writing and speech. In writing, ellipsis can be found easily in the literary works, articles, etc. Reading describes that ellipsis is also used in the newspaper reporting frequently. It is especially used because word omission implies a hidden implication which captivates the imagination and attention of an audience.

2.      Use of Elliptic Structures

The structures of English elliptical construction that are stated by Mas’ud (1998: 221-224) are as follows:

a.       Two positive statements that have same predicate (including object and complement) can be arranged as follows:

S + V (be) ............ + ,  +  and +     S  + V (be) ......... + too                                                    So + V (be) ......... + subject

Here are some of the examples:

1.      She is clever. I am clever

(She is clever, and I am too)

(She is clever, and so am I)

2.      Rudi plays tennis well. Adi plays tennis well

(Rudi plays tennis well, and Adi does too)

(Rudi plays tennis well, and so does Adi)

b.      Two Negative statements that have same predicate (including object and complement) can be arranged as follows:

Negative statement + , + and +         s  + negative auxiliary or be + either                                             Neither  +  positive auxiliary or be  + subject

Here are some examples:

1.      Father doesn’t like coffee. Mother doesn’t like coffee

(Father doesn’t like coffee, and Mother doesn’t either)

(Father doesn’t like coffee, neither does mother)

2.      She didn’t do her homework. I didn’t do my homework

(She didn’t do her homework, and I didn’t either)

(She didn’t do her homework, and neither did I)

c.       Two positive statements which contain compound verb (auxiliary/modal + verb) can be arranged as follows:

S + compound verb ............ + , + and +   S  + compound verb ......... + too                                                              So + compound verb ......... + subject

Here are some examples:

1.      You must stay at home. He must stay at home

(You must stay at home, and he must too)

(You must stay at home, and so must he)

2.      Wildan will do the exercise. Anna will do the exercise

( Wildan will do the exercise, and Anna will too)

( Wildan will do the exercise, and so will Anna)

d.      Two negative statements which contain compound verb (auxiliary/modal + verb) can be arranged as follows:

Negative statement + , + and +  subject   + negative compound verb + either                                               Neither  +  positive compound verb  + subject

Here are some examples:

She won’t be going to the conference. Her friend won’t be going to the conference

(She won’t be going to the conference, and Her friend won’t either )

(She won’t be going to the conference, and neither will Her friend )

e.       The combination of two sentences that are opposite each other (negative statements and positive statements or positive statements and negative statements ) with the same tense is arranged by using the conjunction “but”. The pattern is as follows:

S +        negatif  or positive       .... + , +   but +   subject   +     positif  or negative    ....                     Auxiliary                                                                       auxiliary                     (Modal)                                                                         (modal)

Here are some of the examples:

1.      He doesn’t bring a book. She brings a book

(He doesn’t bring a book, but she does)

2.      Anna can speak English. Wildan can’t speak English

(Anna can speak English, but Wildan can’t)

f.        The combination of two positive statements which contains verb, noun, etc; in the same tense is arranged by using the conjunction “Both…and…”.

Here are some of the examples:

1.      Ahmad was sad. Adi was sad.

(Both Ahmad and Adi were sad)

2.      You can speak English. He can speak English

(Both you and he can speak English)

g.       The pattern below is used to state “one of two actions” in two sentences with same tense.

“Either … or … + positive auxiliary (modal)”.

Here are some of the examples:

1.      You will close the door. I will close the door.

(Either you or I will close the door)

2.      You can write a letter. You can read a book.

(You can either write a letter or read a book)

h.       The pattern below is used to state “none of” in two positive sentences with same tense.

“Neither…nor…+ positive auxiliary (modal).”

Here are some of the examples:

1.      My father isn’t a doctor. My father isn’t a teacher.

(My brother is neither a doctor nor a teacher)

2.      Susi can’t read a novel. Dina can’t read a novel.

(Neither Susi nor Dina can read a novel)

Info :

According to Nurjanah & Suardi (2002: 15) are:

1.      If the statement use to be (am, is, are, was, and were) or modals (will, would, shall, should, can, could, must, may, might), put it  before “too” or after “so”.

2.      If the statement is in the simple present tense, use do or does as the auxiliary verb

3.      If the statement is in the simple past tense, use did as the auxiliary verb

3.   The place of Ellipsis in a sentence

Ellipsis can happen in some positions in a sentence. According to Swan (1980: 197), ellipsis at the beginning of a sentence is described as follows:

a.       Words that can be left out are articles, possessives, personal pronouns and auxiliary verbs. For examples:

1.      Car ’s giving trouble again. (=The car’s…)

2.      ‘What’s the matter?’ –‘Stomach’s sore.’ (‘My stomach’…’)

3.      Couldn’t understand what he wanted (=I couldn’t understand what he wanted.)

4.      Seen Andy? (=Have you seen Andy?)

b.      Personal pronouns can always be left out before ordinary verbs, if this leaves the meaning clear. For examples:

1.      Wonder what she’s doing.

2.      Hope to see you soon.

3.      Looks just like his father.

A personal pronoun cannot always be left out before an auxiliary verb. A subject pronoun before a negative auxiliary verb, and sometimes before a ‘modal’ auxiliary verb like must, but the subject before affirmative have, be or will cannot be dropped. For examples:

1.      Can’t do it.

2.      Haven’t seen him.

3.      Won’t work, you know.

4.      May see you tomorrow.

5.      Must dust.

6.      Doesn’t know what she wants.

However, it is possible to drop the subject pronoun and the auxiliary, if this leaves the meaning clear. For examples:

1.      See you soon.

2.      Coming tomorrow.

3.      Forgotten your name.

c.       In affirmative sentences, ellipsis is most common with first-person or third-person subjects. The “replacement” subject there can also be left out. For example:

Nobody at home. (=There is nobody at home.)

Ellipsis is less common with second-person subjects (except in questions), but is perfectly possible in cases where the meaning clear. For examples:

1.      Can’t go in there. (=You can’t…)

2.      Need your oil changing.

3.      Have to wait a bit, I’m afraid.

4.      Keeping well, I hope.

d.      In questions, auxiliary verbs (do, have, be, or will) can be left out. The subject can be dropped as well if this leaves the meaning clear. For examples:

1.      You ready?

2.      Ready?

3.      Your father got a car?

4.      Anybody want more?

5.      You be here tomorrow?

e.       Ellipsis is very common in sentences that have some sort of “tag” stuck on the end. For examples:

a.       Can’t swim, myself.

b.      Dutch, aren’t you?

c.       Going on holiday, your kids?

d.      Like my pint, I do.

e.       Getting in your way, am I?

Meanwhile, the places of ellipsis in a sentence that are stated by Mas’ud (1998:225) are as follows:

1.      Ellipsis of subject and (or Auxiliary)/(Modal).

For examples:

a.    Ridwan ate a cheese sandwich and (Ridwan) drank a glass of coffee.

b.    Yulia should clean the shed and Amir (should) mow the lawn.

c.    The volcano erupted much more violently than (it) was foreseen.

d.    Bakri must have been studying English and Farida (must have been) doing her homework.

2.      Ellipsis of predicate or predication

For examples:

a.    I work in a factory, and my brother (works) on a farm.

b.    She will study today, and she may (study) tomorrow.

c.    It’s cold in December in England, but (it is cold) in July in New Zealand.

d.    Arif is playing football for his school, and Yusuf (is playing football) for his club.

e.    Adi will take the course, and Udin might (take the course) too.

3.      Ellipsis of Direct Object or Subject Complement.

For examples:

a.    Hasan likes (Dewi), and Agus hates, Dewi.

b.    Ismail was happy, and Rahmad certainly seemed so (happy).

c.    Nashir has recently become (a very diligent student), and his brother always was, a very diligent student.

4.      Ellipsis of head of noun phrase and of propositional complement

For example:

a.       We wanted fried fish, but they gave us boiled (fish)

b.      She wore the red dress, but the blue (dress) suits her better

c.       Budi is bored with (music), but Dodi enjoys, music

4.   Ellipsis in dialogue

According to Quirk et al (1973: 305-308), ellipsis in dialogue occurs in three conditions which can occur in various combinations. The words, phrases, or sentences in the brackets below can be omitted. The three conditions are as follows:

a.       Repetition: The second speaker repeats what the first speaker said.

Examples:

A : Have you spoken to the doctor?

B : (Yes). I have done so him the doctor spoken to

A : I’m studying grammar.

B : Are you (studying grammar)?

A : He’s studying Latin

B : (He’s studying) Latin! He doesn’t know his own language.

b.      Expansion: The second speaker adds what has been said by the first speaker.

Examples:

A : Will they lose the game?

B : Probably (they will (lose (the game))).

A : Peter will be there.

B : Are you sure of that will be there he Peter that

A : He won’t play.

B : I’d like to know why not he won' t play

c.       Replacement: The second speaker replaces with the new material to what has been said by the first speaker.

Examples:

A : Who told your father?

B : Mary did so him my father told

A : It cost me twenty-five dollars.

B : How much (did it cost (you))?

A : They want the key now.

B : No, it the key they want tonight.

d.      Combinations:

1.      Including expansion and replacement.

Examples:

A : When did he lose the key?

B : Probably did so it the key lost he last night.

A : Can I help you, madam?

B : Well, I’m looking for a pair of white gloves.

2.       Including repetition and replacement.

Example:

A : John told me what you did.

B : Who told you that what I did?

3.      Including repetition, expansion, expansion, and replacement.

Example:

A : They paid fifty dollars for it.

B : Oh no, they paid more for it that fifty than

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A.     CONCLUSION

Ellipsis is removal of a word or a number of words from a sentence that was intended to make that sentence be shorter and better order. Elliptical Structure is used to avoid the repetition of a word or several words in a sentence. It is often used in writing and speech. In writing, ellipsis can be found easily in the literary works, articles, etc. Reading describes that ellipsis is also used in the newspaper reporting frequently. It is especially used because word omission implies hidden implications which captivates the imagination and attention of an audience

Elliptical structure can use in positive sentence or negative sentence, when the sentences are positive we can use the structure of elliptical construction: S + verb (be) + too, or so + verb (be) + S; when the sentences are negative we can use the pattern: S + negative auxiliary or be + either, or neither + positive auxiliary or be + S.

Viewed from the place, we can apply ellipsis in the place of subject and (or auxiliary) (modal), of predicate or predication, of direct object or subjective complement.